{"id":65,"date":"2022-03-23T19:50:39","date_gmt":"2022-03-23T19:50:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/?p=65"},"modified":"2022-04-12T17:05:05","modified_gmt":"2022-04-12T17:05:05","slug":"4-paradisarheimt-formali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/?p=65","title":{"rendered":"Parad\u00edsarheimt \u2013 form\u00e1li"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
\"\"\r\n\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00deegar Halld\u00f3r Laxness var ungur drengur \u00ed sk\u00f3la rakst hann \u00e1 fer\u00f0as\u00f6gu b\u00f3nda nokkurs undan Eyjafj\u00f6llum sem h\u00e9t Eir\u00edkur \u00d3lafsson og var kenndur vi\u00f0 Br\u00fanir. Eir\u00edkur \u00e1 Br\u00fanum haf\u00f0i heyrt biskup fr\u00e1 Utah \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum, sem raunar var \u00edslenskur, l\u00fdsa hinu fyrirheitna landi morm\u00f3na hinum megin vi\u00f0 \u00fath\u00f6fin og ey\u00f0imerkur veraldarinnar. Eir\u00edkur heilla\u00f0ist af \u00feessari hugmynd um r\u00edki\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0a og n\u00f3tt eina me\u00f0an allir sv\u00e1fu reis b\u00f3ndi \u00far rekkju, kyssti sofandi b\u00f6rn s\u00edn sem hann unni ofar \u00f6llu \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u, fa\u00f0ma\u00f0i a\u00f0 s\u00e9r konu s\u00edna og var \u00e1 brott. Saga Eir\u00edks \u00e1 Br\u00fanum var\u00f0 kveikjan a\u00f0 sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gu Halld\u00f3rs Laxness, Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em>, sem \u00fat kom \u00e1ri\u00f0 1960.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

P\u00edlagr\u00edmsfarir l\u00edtils karls<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00cd greinasafninu Upphaf mann\u00fa\u00f0arstefnu<\/em> fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1964 segir Halld\u00f3r fr\u00e1 tildr\u00f6gum sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gunnar Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Hausti\u00f0 1927 \u00feegar \u00e9g st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed fyrsta sinni andsp\u00e6nis musterinu \u00ed Salt Lake City [h\u00f6fu\u00f0borg Utah-r\u00edkis] me\u00f0 h\u00e1sm\u00ed\u00f0u\u00f0um turnum s\u00ednum \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0beinum upp og ofan, og hinumegin vi\u00f0 torgi\u00f0 k\u00farir tabernakli\u00f0 \u00e1valt og \u00edl\u00e1ngt, a\u00f0 innan \u00ed laginu einsog Munnur Gu\u00f0s, \u00fe\u00e1 kom upp \u00ed hug m\u00ednum sagan sem \u00e9g haf\u00f0i lesi\u00f0 af tilviljun dreingur, um p\u00edlag\u00edmsfarir l\u00edtils karls um ver\u00f6ldina \u00ed leit a\u00f0 fyrirheitna landinu, og ef h\u00e6gt var, enn vi\u00f0urhlutameiri raunir sem f\u00f3lk hans rata\u00f0i \u00ed eftir a\u00f0 hann var farinn. \u00c9g vissi ekki fyr en \u00e9g var farinn a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a saman s\u00f6gu \u00feessa vi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfan veruleikann. Hugmyndin h\u00e9lt s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1fram a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja \u00e1 mig \u00ed meira en \u00ferj\u00e1t\u00edu \u00e1r.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Halld\u00f3r Laxness ritar \u00ed grein sinni a\u00f0 hann hafi aftur og aftur tekist \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00feetta yrkisefni en ekki n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 festa hendur \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed en honum \u201efanst a\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0, hi\u00f0 fyrirheitna land, aldrei \u00e6tla a\u00f0 komast \u00ed brennip\u00fankt.\u201c \u00c1 \u00e1runum 1958 og 1959 einbeitti Halld\u00f3r s\u00e9r a\u00f0 efni Parad\u00edsarheimtar<\/em>, rifja\u00f0i upp s\u00f6gu Eir\u00edks fr\u00e1 Br\u00fanum og lag\u00f0i lei\u00f0 s\u00edna um Su\u00f0urland til a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a sta\u00f0h\u00e6tti me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af atbur\u00f0um s\u00f6gunnar. Sumari\u00f0 1959 hvarf Halld\u00f3r svo til Bandar\u00edkjanna s\u00f6mu erinda og dvaldist lengstum \u00ed Utah-r\u00edki \u00fear sem afkomendur \u00edslenskra innflytjenda i\u00f0ka enn morm\u00f3natr\u00fa. Hinn 4. okt\u00f3ber 1959 skrifa\u00f0i hann Au\u00f0i, konu sinni, br\u00e9f fr\u00e1 hinu fyrirheitna landi Eir\u00edks \u00e1 Br\u00fanum:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00c9g er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 \u00fatr\u00e9tta h\u00e9r \u00ed Utah mest af \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e9g get gert, hef komist h\u00e9r alveg \u00e1 reksp\u00f6l me\u00f0 yrkisefni mitt, svo a\u00f0 n\u00fa liggur afg\u00e1ngur b\u00f3karinnar rakinn fyrir m\u00e9r. Fyrir brag\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e6kja \u00e1 mig hugmyndir og atri\u00f0i sem b\u00ed\u00f0a \u00fatf\u00e6rslu svo \u00e9g hef ekki vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hripa upp minnisgreinar og gera grindur \u00ed n\u00fda og n\u00fda kap\u00edtula. \u00c9g var fj\u00f3ra daga hj\u00e1 Bearnson um daginn og tala\u00f0i vi\u00f0 f\u00f3lk \u00ed Spanish Fork, Provo og Springville, mest \u00edslensk\u00e6tta\u00f0, svo tugum skifti, suma dagana var \u00e9g \u00ed heims\u00f3knum hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed fr\u00e1 morni til kv\u00f6lds, hverjum \u00e1 eftir \u00f6\u00f0rum. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00f3hemjulega l\u00e6rd\u00f3msr\u00edkt og \u00e9g f\u00e9kk feikn af traustum fr\u00f3\u00f0leik um \u00edslenskt landnemal\u00edf h\u00e9r fr\u00e1 fyrstu hendi.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00dearna s\u00e9st hversu \u00fdtarlega Halld\u00f3r hefur kanna\u00f0 s\u00f6gusvi\u00f0 Parad\u00edsarheimtar<\/em> en sama m\u00e1 raunar segja um \u00f6nnur verk hans. Hann grandsko\u00f0ar heimildir, b\u00e6\u00f0i ritu\u00f0 g\u00f6gn og munnlega geymd. \u00cd \u00cdslandsklukkunni<\/em> n\u00fdtir Halld\u00f3r s\u00e9r l\u00fdsingar J\u00f3ns Ind\u00edafara og \u00ed Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> skrif Eir\u00edks \u00e1 Br\u00fanum en \u00ed b\u00f3kum \u00feessum sty\u00f0st sk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 vitaskuld vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsar a\u00f0rar heimildir. Hann nefnir J\u00f3n og Eir\u00edk \u201e\u00f3svikna sveitasagnfr\u00e6\u00f0\u00ednga\u201c \u00ed vi\u00f0tali vi\u00f0 Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 1970 og segir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 einkenni \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feeir sj\u00e1i \u201ever\u00f6ldina fyrir s\u00e9r eins og \u00fatv\u00edkkun \u00e1 sveit sinni og framhald af henni\u201c og b\u00e6tir s\u00ed\u00f0an vi\u00f0 um Eir\u00edk \u00e1 Br\u00fanum: \u201ehvort heldur hann l\u00fdsir h\u00f3ruh\u00fasunum e\u00f0a k\u00f3ngaf\u00f3lkinu \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn ellegar s\u00e6lur\u00edkinu \u00ed Utah er hann \u00e6vinlega kyr \u00e1 hla\u00f0inu heima \u00ed sveit sinni.\u201c<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00deannig m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 Halld\u00f3r hafi \u00feaulkanna\u00f0 veruleikann til \u00feess a\u00f0 geta komi\u00f0 sk\u00e1ldskapnum til skila. Raunar hefur veri\u00f0 sagt a\u00f0 munurinn \u00e1 sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingi og h\u00f6fundi s\u00f6gulegrar sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gu s\u00e9 s\u00e1 a\u00f0 rith\u00f6fundurinn viti hven\u00e6r hann s\u00e9 a\u00f0 lj\u00faga! Veturinn 1959-60 vann Halld\u00f3r a\u00f0 Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> \u00ed r\u00f3 og n\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed Lugano \u00ed Sviss en h\u00fan kom svo \u00fat hausti\u00f0 1960.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Me\u00f0 hrindingum, sk\u00f6mmum og hatursfullum or\u00f0um<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

En hver var saga \u00feessa \u00edslenska al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0umanns sem ekki haf\u00f0i l\u00e1ti\u00f0 sk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 \u00ed fri\u00f0i allt fr\u00e1 barn\u00e6sku? \u00c1ri\u00f0 1878 kom \u00fat \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk L\u00edtil fer\u00f0asaga<\/em> eftir Eir\u00edk \u00d3lafsson \u00e1 Br\u00fanum. Eir\u00edkur haf\u00f0i hitt Kristj\u00e1n n\u00edunda Danakonung og Valdimar prins er \u00feeir voru \u00e1 fer\u00f0alagi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi sumari\u00f0 1874 \u00ed tilefni af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 var haldi\u00f0 h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0legt \u00fe\u00fasund \u00e1ra afm\u00e6li \u00cdslandsbygg\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00e1 keyptu \u00feeir fe\u00f0gar hest af Eir\u00edki sem hann s\u00ed\u00f0ar vitja\u00f0i \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00feegar hann var \u00fear \u00e1 fer\u00f0 1876. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri afhenti hann prinsi koffort er sonur hans haf\u00f0i sm\u00ed\u00f0a\u00f0 me\u00f0 tr\u00e9l\u00e6singu. \u00deurfti a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra n\u00edu tappa \u00e1 lokinu me\u00f0 fimmt\u00e1n handt\u00f6kum eftir fl\u00f3kinni a\u00f0fer\u00f0 til a\u00f0 lj\u00faka \u00fev\u00ed upp. Konungsf\u00f3lki\u00f0 f\u00e6r\u00f0i Eir\u00edki mynd af s\u00e9r a\u00f0 skilna\u00f0i og svara\u00f0i b\u00f3ndi \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6mu mynt: \u201eGaf \u00e9g \u00fev\u00ed svo \u00f6llu myndir af m\u00e9r aftur, sem \u00fea\u00f0 t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 lj\u00faflyndi og ba\u00f0 mig a\u00f0 skrifa nafn mitt \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r \u00fear, sem \u00e9g gj\u00f6r\u00f0i\u201c, segir \u00ed s\u00f6gu hans. H\u00e9r minnir margt \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem lesa m\u00e1 \u00ed \u00cdslendingas\u00f6gum, \u00fear sem \u00edslenskur al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uma\u00f0ur stendur frammi fyrir norr\u00e6num konungi og er ekki minni ma\u00f0ur, \u2013 allir eru jafn bornir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

S\u00ed\u00f0ar f\u00f3r Eir\u00edkur \u00d3lafsson a\u00f0 efast um l\u00faterska barnatr\u00fa s\u00edna. Hann las af tilviljun b\u00f3k eftir vin sinn, morm\u00f3nann \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 Di\u00f0riksson, og l\u00e9t a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed b\u00fanu sk\u00edrast til morm\u00f3natr\u00faar, \u00e1samt konu sinni og d\u00f3ttur. Einnig \u00e1ttu hatur og fyrirlitning, sem virtust m\u00e6ta morm\u00f3num h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed tr\u00faarskiptum hans. Eir\u00edkur fluttist til Utah \u00fear sem \u00feegar haf\u00f0i myndast d\u00e1l\u00edtil \u00edslensk n\u00fdlenda en kona hans anda\u00f0ist \u00e1 lei\u00f0inni ti m\u00f3ts vi\u00f0 hann. Svo sem kirkja morm\u00f3na b\u00fd\u00f0ur f\u00f3r hann \u00ed tr\u00fabo\u00f0sfer\u00f0 til \u00cdslands \u00fear sem m\u00e6ttu honum h\u00f3tanir og \u00e1s\u00f3knir af \u00fdmsu tagi. Eir\u00edki var oft meinu\u00f0 innganga og gisting \u00e1 b\u00e6ndab\u00fdlum og fyrir kom a\u00f0 hundum var siga\u00f0 \u00e1 hann. \u00deegar hann \u00e1 j\u00f3ladegi haf\u00f0i hl\u00fdtt \u00e1 messu \u00ed kirkju einni ger\u00f0i mikill hluti safna\u00f0arins me\u00f0 prestinn \u00ed broddi fylkingar a\u00f0s\u00fag a\u00f0 honum \u201eme\u00f0 hrindingum, sk\u00f6mmum og hatursfullum or\u00f0um\u201c, eins og hann l\u00fdsti \u00ed Annarri l\u00edtilli fer\u00f0as\u00f6gu<\/em> sem hann skrifa\u00f0i. Sm\u00e1m saman yfirgaf Eir\u00edkur samf\u00e9lag morm\u00f3na eftir n\u00fd heilabrot \u00ed tr\u00faarefnum. \u201e\u00c9g f\u00f3r me\u00f0 f\u00fasum vilja til \u00feeirra, og me\u00f0 sama kjarki fr\u00e1 \u00feeim aftur, \u00feegar a\u00f0 \u00e9g s\u00e1 \u00feeirra villu\u201c, segir hann \u00ed s\u00f6mu b\u00f3k. Eir\u00edkur l\u00e9st \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk aldam\u00f3ta\u00e1ri\u00f0 1900.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201eR\u00e1ngvell\u00edngatr\u00fa\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Tr\u00fa morm\u00f3na e\u00f0a Kirkja Jes\u00fa Krists hinna S\u00ed\u00f0ari Daga Heil\u00f6gu, eins og kirkjan er k\u00f6llu\u00f0, byggist \u00e1 vitrunum sem Joseph nokkur Smith f\u00e9kk fyrst vori\u00f0 1820 \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. Hann kva\u00f0st hafa fundi\u00f0 gullt\u00f6flur \u00e1letra\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u201elaga\u00f0ri egypsku\u201c eftir fyrirs\u00f6gn engilsins M\u00f3r\u00f3n\u00ed og h\u00f3f a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1 b\u00f3k. Morm\u00f3nsb\u00f3k segir af \u00e6tt nokkurri \u00far Jer\u00fasalem sem f\u00e9kk gu\u00f0lega vitrun um a\u00f0 fl\u00fdja \u00fe\u00e1 borg sk\u00f6mmu \u00e1\u00f0ur en henni var eytt \u00e1ri\u00f0 600 f.Kr. \u00c6tt \u00feessi ger\u00f0i s\u00e9r l\u00edti\u00f0 fyrir og sigldi til Amer\u00edku. Smith kenndi a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0 hef\u00f0i ekki h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 tala til manna me\u00f0 Bibl\u00edunni<\/em> heldur h\u00e9ldi \u00e1fram a\u00f0 vitrast \u00feeim og lei\u00f0beina. Morm\u00f3nar sk\u00edra me\u00f0 ni\u00f0urd\u00fdfingu samkv\u00e6mt ford\u00e6mi \u00ed Bibl\u00edunni<\/em> og leyf\u00f0u fj\u00f6lkv\u00e6ni \u00e1 fyrstu \u00e1rum hreyfingarinnar e\u00f0a fram um 1890 er \u00fea\u00f0 var aflagt \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 n\u00fdja gu\u00f0lega opinberun og \u00farskur\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar Bandar\u00edkjanna. Morm\u00f3nar meta i\u00f0jusemi og skyldur\u00e6kni mikils. \u00deeir neyta ekki t\u00f3baks e\u00f0a drekka te, kaffi e\u00f0a \u00e1fengi. Bl\u00f3tsyr\u00f0i banna \u00feeir og fasta einn dag \u00ed viku.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fyrstu morm\u00f3narnir sem myndu\u00f0u hreyfinguna \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld lentu \u00ed miklum hrakningum og innbyr\u00f0is erjum. \u00deeir fl\u00fa\u00f0u fr\u00e1 Illinois \u00fat \u00ed \u00f3bygg\u00f0ir og komust vi\u00f0 har\u00f0an leik og miki\u00f0 mannfall til Utah og n\u00e1mu Saltsj\u00f3sta\u00f0 (Salt Lake City) \u00fear sem bygg\u00f0 var\u00f0 bl\u00f3mleg innan f\u00e1rra \u00e1ra. \u00cdslendingar fluttust til Utah \u00e1\u00f0ur en Amer\u00edkufer\u00f0ir h\u00e9\u00f0an ur\u00f0u almennar. Einkum fluttist f\u00f3lk af Su\u00f0urlandi og nefnir Halld\u00f3r Laxness \u00ed grein \u00ed Gj\u00f6rn\u00edngab\u00f3k<\/em>, \u00fear sem hann segir fr\u00e1 morm\u00f3num og \u00fat kom 1959, a\u00f0 h\u00e9r hafi \u00feetta veri\u00f0 \u201er\u00e1ngvell\u00edngatr\u00fa\u201c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Von um parad\u00eds \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00deeir sem lesa Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> \u00feurfa ekki skarpa sj\u00f3n til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 margt er l\u00edkt me\u00f0 Eir\u00edki \u00e1 Br\u00fanum og a\u00f0alpers\u00f3nu s\u00f6gunnar, Steinari Steinssyni, b\u00f3nda \u00ed Steinahl\u00ed\u00f0um. Steinar hverfur fr\u00e1 b\u00fai s\u00ednu og fj\u00f6lskyldu til a\u00f0 lifa me\u00f0al morm\u00f3na \u00ed Utah, \u00fear sem hann telur sig hafa fundi\u00f0 fyrirheitna landi\u00f0, hinn endanlega sannleika. \u00dear tekur hann upp nafni\u00f0 Stone P. Stanford. S\u00f6gunni l\u00fdkur \u00feannig a\u00f0 s\u00f6guhetjan stendur aftur hj\u00e1 b\u00e6 s\u00ednum undir Hl\u00ed\u00f0um sem n\u00fa er kominn \u00ed ey\u00f0i, n\u00e1nast jafna\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 j\u00f6r\u00f0u. Og n\u00fa er ma\u00f0urinn einn. Steinar tekur ofan hattinn, fer \u00far treyjunni, t\u00ednir saman grj\u00f3t og fer a\u00f0 dytta a\u00f0 vallarg\u00f6r\u00f0um b\u00fdlisins. Vegfarandi \u00e1 \u00fear lei\u00f0 hj\u00e1 og taka \u00feeir tal saman. \u00dear segir Steinar: \u201e\u00c9g hef fundi\u00f0 sannleikann og \u00fea\u00f0 land \u00fear sem hann b\u00fdr \u2026 \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 v\u00edsu allmikils vert. En n\u00fa skiftir mestu m\u00e1li a\u00f0 reisa vi\u00f0 aftur \u00feennan vallargar\u00f0.\u201c<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Saga Steinars b\u00f3nda undir Steinahl\u00ed\u00f0um er saga manns sem \u00f6\u00f0last hugsj\u00f3n og von um parad\u00eds \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0. Hann fer a\u00f0 vitja hennar en leitar \u00ed s\u00f6gulok aftur til heimahaganna: Hugsj\u00f3nin um \u00fe\u00fasund\u00e1rar\u00edki reynist t\u00e1l eitt. \u00cd lokin vir\u00f0ist ekkert hafa gerst, \u00fea\u00f0 er sem Steinar standi \u00ed s\u00f6mu sporum og \u00e1\u00f0ur en hann f\u00f3r. Sj\u00e1lfur segir Halld\u00f3r \u00ed fyrrnefndri grein um tilur\u00f0 Parad\u00edsarheimtar<\/em> \u00ed Upphafi mann\u00fa\u00f0arstefnu<\/em>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Vitur ma\u00f0ur hefur sagt, s\u00e1 sem fer burt mun aldrei koma aftur; og \u00fea\u00f0 er af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feegar hann kemur aftur er hann or\u00f0inn annar ma\u00f0ur en hann var \u00feegar hann f\u00f3r: partir est toujours un peu mourir. Og milli t\u00fansins \u00fea\u00f0an sem lagt var \u00e1 sta\u00f0 og t\u00fansins \u00fe\u00e1nga\u00f0 sem komi\u00f0 er aftur liggja ekki a\u00f0eins kon\u00fangsr\u00edkin og \u00fath\u00f6fin \u00e1samt ey\u00f0im\u00f6rkum veraldarinnar, heldur einnig fyrirheitna landi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Steinar \u00f6\u00f0last tr\u00fa e\u00f0a hugsj\u00f3n sem hann glatar en \u00f6\u00f0last n\u00fdja l\u00edfss\u00fdn \u00ed lokin. \u00deegar \u00e1 allt er liti\u00f0 er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e6vaforn og trygg n\u00e1tt\u00faran kringum b\u00e6 hans sem gefur l\u00edfi hans og starfi sem \u00cdslendings innihald og samhengi. Stone P. Stanford er \u00far s\u00f6gunni. Steinar \u00ed Steinahl\u00ed\u00f0um kominn heim. \u00dea\u00f0 er athyglisvert a\u00f0 svipa\u00f0an kjarna er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed Birt\u00edngi<\/em> eftir Voltaire en sagan kom \u00fat \u00ed \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu Halld\u00f3rs h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1945. En \u00fe\u00f3tt ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a verkanna s\u00e9 hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0 er \u00farvinnsla efnisins hins vegar gj\u00f6r\u00f3l\u00edk.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fj\u00f6lbreyttur ferill<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fr\u00f3\u00f0legt er a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> \u00ed samhengi vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fundarverk Halld\u00f3rs Laxness. Fyrstu tv\u00e6r sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gur hans, Barn n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar<\/em> (1919) og Undir Helgahn\u00fak<\/em> (1924), eru mj\u00f6g hef\u00f0bundnar og m\u00e6tti kalla \u00fe\u00e6r bernskuverk, enda h\u00f6fundurinn enn um tv\u00edtugt. \u00de\u00e1 tekur vi\u00f0 fram\u00farstefnuskei\u00f0 og Vefarinn mikli fr\u00e1 Kasm\u00edr<\/em> ver\u00f0ur til (1927). Vefarinn<\/em> var gj\u00f6r\u00f3l\u00edkur fyrri verkum Halld\u00f3rs a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti a\u00f0 sagan er margslungin, \u00f3slitin or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a um l\u00edfsvi\u00f0horf.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Eftir Vefarann<\/em> skrifa\u00f0i Halld\u00f3r sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gur \u00far samt\u00edmanum sem kalla m\u00e1 f\u00e9lagslegar s\u00f6gur. Salka Valka<\/em> (1931-32) er um fiskverkunarst\u00falku \u00ed litlu \u00feorpi, Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt f\u00f3lk<\/em> (1934-35) segir fr\u00e1 kotunginum Bjarti \u00ed Sumarh\u00fasum og bar\u00e1ttu hans vi\u00f0 heiminn og 1937-40 sendi Halld\u00f3r fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r Heimslj\u00f3s<\/em> \u00ed fj\u00f3rum hlutum. \u00dear dregur hann upp mynd af al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0usk\u00e1ldi, \u00d3lafi K\u00e1rasyni Lj\u00f3sv\u00edkingi, sem lendir \u00e1 milli tveggja stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laafla \u00ed litlu \u00feorpi og gefst enginn fri\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 i\u00f0ka huglei\u00f0ingar s\u00ednar og sk\u00e1ldskap.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00cd s\u00f6gum \u00feessum setti Halld\u00f3r fram beitta \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags\u00e1deilu undir \u00e1hrifum fr\u00e1 s\u00f3s\u00edalisma, \u00fe\u00f3tt hann n\u00e1i jafnframt a\u00f0 hefja \u00fe\u00e6r yfir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera einfaldar \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ursb\u00f3kmenntir. \u00cd \u00feeim tekst honum a\u00f0 t\u00falka sammannlegan veruleika, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0an t\u00edma og r\u00fami, svo \u00fe\u00e6r h\u00f6f\u00f0a jafnt til lesenda n\u00fat\u00edma og fort\u00ed\u00f0ar, \u00cdslendinga sem \u00fatlendinga.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00cdslandsklukkan<\/em> (1943-46) var fyrsta verk Halld\u00f3rs sem naut almennrar hylli me\u00f0al \u00edslenskra lesenda. \u00deetta er s\u00f6guleg sk\u00e1ldsaga sem gerist um 1700 og byggir sk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 \u00fear mj\u00f6g \u00e1 ritu\u00f0um heimildum. Ekki r\u00edkti \u00fe\u00f3 upp fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed nein lognmolla \u00ed kringum hann \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00e6stu sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gu sinni, At\u00f3mst\u00f6\u00f0inni<\/em> (1948), t\u00f3k hann \u00e1 afar vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mu m\u00e1li, \u201es\u00f6lu landsins\u201c e\u00f0a \u201e\u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00cdslendinga \u00ed vestr\u00e6nu varnarsamstarfi\u201c, eftir \u00fev\u00ed fr\u00e1 hva\u00f0a sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li er horft \u00e1 herst\u00f6\u00f0varm\u00e1li\u00f0.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Aftur vakti Halld\u00f3r deilur me\u00f0 Gerplu<\/em> (1952) \u00fear sem hann h\u00e6ddist a\u00f0 hinni fornu hetjuhugsj\u00f3n \u00cdslendingasagna en bo\u00f0skapur s\u00f6gunnar beindist ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0 n\u00fat\u00edmanum \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tr\u00fain \u00e1 vald og ofbeldi er gjarnan haldreipi \u00feeirra landstj\u00f3rnarmanna sem ekkert \u00f3ttast meira en \u00feegna s\u00edna. Sk\u00e1ld gegna veigamiklu hlutverki \u00ed Gerplu<\/em> og m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 hir\u00f0sk\u00e1ldin \u00fear s\u00e9u n\u00e1nast hreinir veruleikafalsarar. Kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feeirra gefa \u00fdkta gl\u00e6simynd af j\u00f6frinum og hetjud\u00e1\u00f0um hans. Me\u00f0al sk\u00e1ldanna er \u00deorm\u00f3\u00f0ur kolbr\u00fanarsk\u00e1ld sem f\u00f3rna\u00f0 hefur \u00f6llu til a\u00f0 geta sta\u00f0i\u00f0 augliti til auglitis vi\u00f0 hetju- og konungshugsj\u00f3n s\u00edna, \u00d3laf Haraldsson Noregskonung. En \u00feegar til \u00e1 a\u00f0 taka og sk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 hefur s\u00e9\u00f0 hvern mann \u00d3lafur hefur a\u00f0 geyma, kemur hann ekki fyrir sig \u00fev\u00ed kv\u00e6\u00f0i er hann \u00e6tla\u00f0i a\u00f0 flytja konungi. Sumir segja a\u00f0 Gerpla<\/em> s\u00e9 skemmtilegasta b\u00f3k sk\u00e1ldsins en sj\u00e1lfur l\u00e9t hann svo um m\u00e6lt \u00ed vi\u00f0t\u00f6lum a\u00f0 sagan v\u00e6ri mesti harmleikur sem hann hef\u00f0i skrifa\u00f0. Hann hef\u00f0i teki\u00f0 \u00fat miklar \u00fej\u00e1ningar vi\u00f0 ritun hennar og sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0urnar vi\u00f0 n\u00fat\u00edmann \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 vera auglj\u00f3sar: sk\u00e1ld og hetjur sem ger\u00f0ust sk\u00f3sveinar Hitlers og Stal\u00edns myndu seint gleymast. \u00ddmsir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn, m.a. Peter Hallberg sem mj\u00f6g rannsaka\u00f0i verk Halld\u00f3rs Laxness, hafa bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 margt s\u00e9 l\u00edkt me\u00f0 h\u00f6fundi Gerplu<\/em> og \u00deorm\u00f3\u00f0i kolbr\u00fanarsk\u00e1ldi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Brekkukotsann\u00e1ll<\/em> (1957), fyrsta sk\u00e1ldsagan sem Halld\u00f3r sendi fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r eftir a\u00f0 hann f\u00e9kk N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launin \u00ed b\u00f3kmenntum 1955, er \u00f3l\u00edkur Gerplu <\/em>a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti a\u00f0 hann gerist \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk um aldam\u00f3tin 1900, fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnin er leikandi l\u00e9tt me\u00f0 gamans\u00f6mu \u00edvafi og s\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00ed fyrstu pers\u00f3nu. Enda \u00fe\u00f3tt s\u00f6guefnin s\u00e9u \u00f3l\u00edk eiga \u00feessar s\u00f6gur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fdmislegt sammerkt. B\u00e1\u00f0ar vekja \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1leitnar spurningar um veraldlegan au\u00f0 og frama og um hlutskipti listamannsins.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00cd leit a\u00f0 fyrirheitna landinu<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00deannig er \u00f3h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gur Halld\u00f3rs hafi teki\u00f0 \u00fdmsar stefnur og ver\u00f0a sviptingarnar ekki hva\u00f0 s\u00edst sk\u00fdr\u00f0ar me\u00f0 sinnaskiptum h\u00f6fundarins \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags- og tr\u00fam\u00e1lum. Sj\u00f6tti \u00e1ratugurinn einkenndist \u00f6\u00f0ru fremur af k\u00f6ldu str\u00ed\u00f0i. Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin og Bandar\u00edkin st\u00f3\u00f0u gr\u00e1 fyrir j\u00e1rnum og klufu \u00feessar andst\u00e6\u00f0u fylkingar heimsbygg\u00f0ina \u00ed her\u00f0ar ni\u00f0ur. Halld\u00f3r Laxness haf\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed lok \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00e1ratugarins veri\u00f0 \u00f6tull bo\u00f0beri s\u00f3s\u00edalisma og r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ts \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags en deilt a\u00f0 sama skapi hart \u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0v\u00edgi au\u00f0valdsins, Bandar\u00edkin. \u00cd Gj\u00f6rn\u00edngab\u00f3k<\/em> (1959) \u00fear sem Halld\u00f3r safna\u00f0i saman \u00fdmsum greinum s\u00ednum fr\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari hluta \u00e1ratugarins kva\u00f0 hins vegar vi\u00f0 n\u00fdjan t\u00f3n. \u00dear g\u00e6tir hvergi heift\u00fa\u00f0ugra \u00e1r\u00e1sa \u00e1 Bandar\u00edkjamenn og Nato en vonbrig\u00f0in me\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md s\u00f3s\u00edalismans fyrir austan j\u00e1rntjald ver\u00f0a \u00feeim mun meira \u00e1berandi. \u00dea\u00f0 fer ekki \u00e1 milli m\u00e1la a\u00f0 hrifning Halld\u00f3rs \u00e1 Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum \u2013 s\u00e6lur\u00edki s\u00f3s\u00edalismans \u2013 hefur minnka\u00f0 til mikilla muna. \u00c1 \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00e1ratugnum a\u00f0hylltist hann ka\u00fe\u00f3lsku og bo\u00f0a\u00f0i hana af miklum hita. Eftir \u00fea\u00f0 snerist hann til s\u00f3s\u00edalisma og bar\u00f0ist af engu minni krafti fyrir m\u00e1lsta\u00f0 hans. \u00cd ritger\u00f0um Gj\u00f6rn\u00edngab\u00f3kar<\/em> vir\u00f0ist hann vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0 f\u00e1 sig fullsaddan af kenningum; menn m\u00e1ttu hafa s\u00edna tr\u00fa e\u00f0a hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed fri\u00f0i en sj\u00e1lfur a\u00f0hylltist hann n\u00fa umbur\u00f0arlyndi umfram allt og auk \u00feess hagn\u00fdtissj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 sem segir: ef kenningin virkar er h\u00fan a\u00f0 minnsta kosti g\u00f3\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed marki. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1958 rita\u00f0i Halld\u00f3r grein \u00ed danska bla\u00f0i\u00f0 Politiken<\/em> um morm\u00f3na og er h\u00fan prentu\u00f0 \u00ed Gj\u00f6rn\u00edngab\u00f3k<\/em>. \u00dear spyr hann: Var \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00f6nn e\u00f0a \u00f3s\u00f6nn vitrun er m\u00e6rin Bernadetta s\u00e1 sj\u00e1lfa Gu\u00f0sm\u00f3\u00f0ur\u00adina \u00ed hellinum \u00ed Lourdes? Svar: margir hafa l\u00e6knast. Menn tr\u00faa \u00fev\u00ed sem borgar sig a\u00f0 tr\u00faa, segir \u00ed s\u00f6mu ritger\u00f0. Sl\u00edkrar afst\u00f6\u00f0u g\u00e6tir \u00ed Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em>, t.d. \u00fear sem segir: \u201eS\u00e1 hefur bestu kenn\u00edngu sem getur s\u00fdnt framm\u00e1 a\u00f0 hann hafi mest a\u00f0 \u00e9ta; og g\u00f3\u00f0a sk\u00f3.\u201c<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Endanlegt uppgj\u00f6r Halld\u00f3rs vi\u00f0 s\u00f3s\u00edalismann og Stal\u00edn f\u00f3r s\u00ed\u00f0an fram \u00ed Sk\u00e1ldat\u00edma<\/em> (1963). En fyrst kom sagan um Steinar b\u00f3nda undir Steinahl\u00ed\u00f0um, manninn sem f\u00f3r \u00fat \u00ed heim og taldi sig \u00fear finna fyrirheitna landi\u00f0 en sneri a\u00f0 lokum aftur heim margs v\u00edsari.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00cd greininni um tilur\u00f0 Parad\u00edsarheimtar<\/em> sem fyrr var vitna\u00f0 til segir Laxness:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Satt best a\u00f0 segja held \u00e9g a\u00f0 til \u00feess h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 setja s\u00e6milega b\u00f3k saman um fyrirheitna landi\u00f0, \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0i s\u00e1 sem \u00fea\u00f0 gerir a\u00f0 hafa leita\u00f0 \u00feessa lands sj\u00e1lfur, og helst fundi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0. Hann ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 minstakosti a\u00f0 \u00feekkja \u00far l\u00edfi sj\u00e1lfs s\u00edn alla m\u00e1lav\u00f6xtu sem var\u00f0a sl\u00edka stefnu hugarins; hann ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 hafa lagt einhvernt\u00edma \u00ed p\u00edlagr\u00edmsfer\u00f0ina sj\u00e1lfur; fer\u00f0ast yfir h\u00f6fin sj\u00e1lfur \u00e1 farr\u00fdmi sem h\u00e6fir tignarstiga kvikf\u00e9na\u00f0ar, geingi\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfs f\u00f3tum yfir ey\u00f0im\u00f6rkina miklu, a\u00f0 minstakosti \u00ed andlegum skiln\u00edngi, og sl\u00edkt hi\u00f0 sama barist \u00ed \u00feeim st\u00f6\u00f0ugum orustum, \u00fdmist innra me\u00f0 s\u00e9r e\u00f0a \u00fat\u00e1vi\u00f0, sem nau\u00f0syn er a\u00f0 heya \u00e1r og s\u00ed\u00f0 um Landi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 eignast \u00fea\u00f0.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ekki ver\u00f0ur anna\u00f0 sagt en Halld\u00f3r Laxness hafi fari\u00f0 \u00ed sl\u00edka p\u00edlagr\u00edmsfer\u00f0. Hann l\u00fdsti \u00ed b\u00f3kum s\u00ednum \u00cd austurvegi<\/em> (1933) og Gerska \u00e6fint\u00fdrinu<\/em> (1938) fer\u00f0um s\u00ednum til Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjanna og hvernig allt var \u00fear \u00ed bl\u00f3ma. S\u00ed\u00f0ar dr\u00f3 hann \u00ed Sk\u00e1ldat\u00edma<\/em> upp allt a\u00f0ra mynd af \u00feessum ey\u00f0imerkurg\u00f6ngum s\u00ednum \u2013 \u00e1standinu \u00ed s\u00e6lur\u00edkinu. \u00dear segir m.a.:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

St\u00e6rsta axarskaft okkar vinstris\u00f3s\u00edalista f\u00f3lst \u00ed tr\u00fagirni. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00ed flestum tilfellum meiri gl\u00e6pur a\u00f0 vera au\u00f0tr\u00faa en vera lygari. Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0um hrifist af bylt\u00edngunni og bundum vonir okkar vi\u00f0 s\u00f3s\u00edalisma. \u2026Vi\u00f0 tr\u00fa\u00f0um ekki \u00fe\u00f3 vi\u00f0 t\u00e6kjum \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hv\u00edl\u00edkt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags\u00e1stand var \u00ed R\u00fasslandi undir Stal\u00edn.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Svipa\u00f0a l\u00fdsingu m\u00e1 finna \u00ed greininni um tildr\u00f6g Parad\u00edsarheimtar<\/em> og fyrr hefur veri\u00f0 vitna\u00f0 til. \u00dear l\u00fdsir Halld\u00f3r leit manna a\u00f0 fyrirheitna landinu:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fur\u00f0umargir n\u00e1\u00f0u \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unarsta\u00f0. Stundum reyndist fyrirheitna landi\u00f0 r\u00e9tt s\u00e6milegt land \u00feegar til kom, e\u00f0a a\u00f0 minsta kosti \u00feolanlegur samasta\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00f6g\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00e6listika raunveruleikans. V\u00e6ri hinsvegar ekki svo, datt aungvum s\u00f6nnum tr\u00famanni \u00ed lifandi hug a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna brest \u00e1 neinu \u00ed fyrirheitna landinu; \u00f6llu sem var\u00f0 \u00e1 vegi \u00feeirra t\u00f3ku \u00feeir sem s\u00f6nnun fyrir \u00feeim st\u00f3rasannleik sem er lykill ham\u00edngjunnar. Raunir og slys, basl og vol\u00e6\u00f0i kn\u00edu\u00f0u \u00feeir milli s\u00edn me\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6tub\u00f3k uns \u00feetta \u00e1stand var or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00feeim skiljanlegt afsakanlegt sj\u00e1lfsagt og alta\u00f0\u00fev\u00ed \u00e1kj\u00f3sanlegt, og hl\u00f3gu a\u00f0 \u00f3h\u00e6gindum fyrirheitna landsins einsog \u00feau k\u00e6mu ekki m\u00e1linu vi\u00f0. Nokkrir b\u00f6r\u00f0u h\u00f6f\u00f0inu vi\u00f0 steininn og \u00feverneitu\u00f0u tilveru m\u00f3tst\u00e6\u00f0ilegra hluta \u00ed fyrirheitna landinu. Sta\u00f0reyndir skiftu h\u00e9r aungvu m\u00e1li. \u00deeir sem voru eitthva\u00f0 veikari \u00ed tr\u00fanni f\u00f3ru eftilvill a\u00f0 bera sig upp e\u00f0a jafnvel hreyfa andm\u00e6lum; \u00feeim var sagt a\u00f0 hypja sig flj\u00f3tt heim aftur \u00e1 \u00feann sta\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0an sem \u00feeir voru komnir \u2013 \u00fe\u00f3 allar br\u00fdr v\u00e6ru reyndar brotnar a\u00f0 baki \u00feeim. Nokkrir h\u00f6f\u00f0u sig \u00e1 brott \u00feegjandi svo l\u00edti\u00f0 bar \u00e1, til \u00feess a\u00f0 trufla ekki anna\u00f0 f\u00f3lk og spilla ham\u00edngju \u00feess.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fyrri b\u00e6kur Halld\u00f3rs um Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkin, \u00cd Austurvegi<\/em> og Gerska \u00e6fint\u00fdri\u00f0<\/em> bera vott um \u00feessa blindni en \u00ed Sk\u00e1ldat\u00edma<\/em> segir fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvernig \u00e1standi\u00f0 var \u00ed raun.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

A\u00f0 kosta \u00f6llu til<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> er \u00feannig m.a. h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 lesa \u00ed samhengi vi\u00f0 uppgj\u00f6r sk\u00e1ldsins vi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edska fort\u00ed\u00f0 s\u00edna, vi\u00f0 p\u00edlagr\u00edmsfer\u00f0ir hans \u2013 \u00ed eiginlegri og \u00f3eiginlegri merkingu \u2013 til hins \u201efyrirheitna lands\u201c s\u00f3s\u00edalismans. \u00cd \u00feessu sambandi m\u00e1 vitna til or\u00f0a \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0reks biskups \u00ed s\u00f6gunni \u00feegar hann segir: \u201eMorm\u00f3n ver\u00f0ur s\u00e1 einn sem hefur kosta\u00f0 \u00f6llu til\u201c \u2013 s\u00e1 sem vill n\u00e1 landi \u00ed s\u00e6lur\u00edkinu ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 f\u00f3rna \u00f6llu fyrir hugsj\u00f3n s\u00edna, h\u00e6tta \u00f6llu. \u00dat \u00far Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> m\u00e1 kannski lesa uppgj\u00f6f sk\u00e1ldsins, vonbrig\u00f0i hans vegna li\u00f0sinnis \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu voldugrar hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i og brostna drauma um fyrirheitna landi\u00f0. Hann hafi kosta\u00f0 \u00f6llu til en ekki fundi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem hann vona\u00f0ist eftir. Hins vegar \u00ferengir \u00fea\u00f0 mj\u00f6g merkingu s\u00f6gunnar a\u00f0 lesa hana einungis me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af h\u00f6fundi hennar. N\u00e6r er a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 saga Halld\u00f3rs Laxness sj\u00e1lfs geti a\u00f0 sumu leyti opna\u00f0 m\u00f6nnum t\u00falkunarlei\u00f0 a\u00f0 Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> en h\u00fan er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki eini lykillinn a\u00f0 verkinu. H\u00e9r hefur t.d. ekki veri\u00f0 viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fdmsum \u00fe\u00e1ttum s\u00f6gunnar, s.s. Kaupmannahafnarfer\u00f0 Steinars, gj\u00f6fum hans til konungs og endurfundum fj\u00f6lskyldunnar \u00ed Utah sem eru nokku\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00e6\u00f0ir. Af hverju f\u00e6rir b\u00f3ndi Danakonungi d\u00fdrgripi s\u00edna? Af hverju segir Steina d\u00f3ttir hans \u00feegar \u00feau finnast \u00e1 n\u00fd handan hafsins a\u00f0 m\u00f3\u00f0ir hennar s\u00e9 \u201ed\u00e1in \u2013 l\u00edka\u201c? Og svo m\u00e6tti lengi spyrja.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00deannig er merking Parad\u00edsarheimtar ekki einf\u00f6ld heldur ver\u00f0ur lesandinn a\u00f0 leggja sig eftir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u verksins. \u00dea\u00f0 er enda a\u00f0al g\u00f3\u00f0ra b\u00f3kmenntaverka a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 n\u00e1lgast \u00feau \u00e1 mismunandi vegu sem hver getur veri\u00f0 r\u00e9ttur \u00fat fr\u00e1 eigin forsendum \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00fatiloka a\u00f0ra m\u00f6guleika. Ekki ver\u00f0ur heldur fullyrt a\u00f0 hr\u00e6ringar \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum \u00e1 sj\u00f6tta \u00e1ratugnum e\u00f0a pers\u00f3nulegar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 Halld\u00f3r Laxness t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 skrifa s\u00f6gu mannsins sem fann s\u00e6lur\u00edki\u00f0 og missti svo tr\u00fana \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 \u2013 s\u00f6gu sem kn\u00fa\u00f0 haf\u00f0i dyra um \u00e1ratuga skei\u00f0. Sl\u00edkt er ofureinf\u00f6ldun og skiptir ekki meginm\u00e1li fyrir t\u00falkun verksins en gefur hins vegar v\u00edsbendingar um lei\u00f0ir til \u00fatleggingar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Menn m\u00f6ku\u00f0u sig r\u00f3mant\u00edkurlaust<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

St\u00edll Parad\u00edsarheimtar<\/em> er svipa\u00f0ur og \u00ed Brekkukotsann\u00e1l<\/em>. H\u00f6fundur setur sig \u00ed stellingar \u00e6vis\u00f6guritara Steinars Steinssonar. Sagan er skr\u00e1\u00f0 af \u201e\u00feeim l\u00edtilsn\u00fdtum fr\u00e6\u00f0imanni sem h\u00e9r og n\u00fa heldur \u00e1 penna\u201c, segir \u00e1 einum sta\u00f0 \u00ed Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em>. H\u00f6fundur l\u00edkir eftir g\u00f6mlu kronikuformi \u00fear sem t\u00edmatal er mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 konunga (\u201e\u00c1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0um d\u00f6gum Kristj\u00e1ns Vilhj\u00e1lmssonar sem \u00feri\u00f0ji s\u00ed\u00f0astur \u00fatlendra kon\u00fanga hefur fari\u00f0 me\u00f0 v\u00f6ld h\u00e9r \u00fapp\u00e1 landi\u00f0\u201c) og l\u00e6st \u00feannig vera a\u00f0 segja fr\u00e1 sanns\u00f6gulegum atbur\u00f0um. Svipu\u00f0um \u00e1hrifum n\u00e6r s\u00f6guma\u00f0ur me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 greina fr\u00e1 mismunandi fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum af sama vi\u00f0bur\u00f0i \u00ed fleiri en einni heimild. Sl\u00edk a\u00f0fer\u00f0 er kunn \u00far \u00cdslendingas\u00f6gum: \u201eSegja sumar s\u00f6gur a\u00f0 \u00ed Hl\u00ed\u00f0um hafi sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ferj\u00fahundru\u00f0 hrossa \u00ed h\u00f6gum \u00feennan morgun, a\u00f0rir segja fj\u00f6gur hundru\u00f0\u201c. H\u00f6fundurinn l\u00e6st einnig vera n\u00e1kv\u00e6mur \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0l\u00edfsmynda, ekki s\u00edst \u00feegar um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a si\u00f0i og venjur og m\u00e1 sem d\u00e6mi nefna eftirfarandi klausu: \u201e\u00c1stin, sem vi\u00f0 n\u00fa k\u00f6llum svo, var \u00fe\u00e1 enn ekki flutt til \u00cdslands. Menn m\u00f6ku\u00f0u sig r\u00f3mant\u00edkurlaust eftir or\u00f0lausu n\u00e1tt\u00farul\u00f6gm\u00e1li og samkv\u00e6mt \u00fe\u00fdskum p\u00edetisma danakon\u00fangs.\u201c \u00c1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sta\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6gunni segir: \u201e\u00c1 \u00feeim d\u00f6gum var enn tali\u00f0 lj\u00f3tt \u00ed sveitum a\u00f0 sinna nokkrum hlut vegna \u00feess eins a\u00f0 hann v\u00e6ri skemtilegur.\u201c S\u00f6guma\u00f0ur gr\u00edpur til or\u00f0atilt\u00e6kja sem \u00feekkt eru \u00far eldri fr\u00e1sagnarhef\u00f0, s.s.: \u201eN\u00fa er fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 segja \u2026\u201c og \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sta\u00f0 er eftirfarandi reglu l\u00fdst til eftirbreytni: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00f6gumanns a\u00f0al a\u00f0 segja deili \u00e1 hetjum \u00e1\u00f0uren \u00fe\u00e6r koma framm\u00e1 sj\u00f3narsvi\u00f0i\u00f0\u201c og s\u00ed\u00f0an er raki\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um \u00feessa kennningu me\u00f0 kynningu \u00e1 Benediktssen s\u00fdslumanni (margt er l\u00edkt me\u00f0 honum og Einari Benediktssyni sk\u00e1ldi og s\u00fdslumanni) og Birni hrossaprangara \u00e1 Leirum. \u00deannig m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 Halld\u00f3r sty\u00f0jist mj\u00f6g vi\u00f0 gamalreynd ep\u00edsk fr\u00e1sagnar\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i og beiti \u00feeim af stakri snilld.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00de\u00fddd \u00e1 fj\u00f3rt\u00e1n tungum\u00e1l<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Menn t\u00f3ku Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> fagnandi \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma, t.d. sag\u00f0i \u00d3lafur J\u00f3nsson gagnr\u00fdnandi T\u00edmans<\/em>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Parad\u00edsarheimt er undir ni\u00f0ri b\u00f6ls\u00fdn og bitur b\u00f3k \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0i tindri sagan af k\u00edmni. H\u00fan er \u00ed senn margslungi\u00f0 verk sem leynir \u00fdmsu \u00e1 s\u00e9r og einfaldari, einangra\u00f0ri, en \u00fdmis fyrri verk Laxness. \u2026 Parad\u00edsarheimt er ekki s\u00edst sagan um gu\u00f0d\u00f3mlega f\u00e1visku mannsins, og hversu langt h\u00fan getur leitt hann, s\u00f6g\u00f0 af kunn\u00e1ttu og \u00e6rinni \u00ed\u00fer\u00f3tt \u2026 Verki\u00f0 m\u00e1 kalla harms\u00f6gu a\u00f0 uppist\u00f6\u00f0u, grunnt\u00f3nn \u00feess er b\u00f6ls\u00fdni og efi um tilveru og tilgang mannsins \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. \u2026 H\u00e9r hefur Halld\u00f3r Kiljan Laxness komist lengst \u00e1 braut sinni til hins fullkomna\u00f0a, aleinangra\u00f0a listaverks. \u2026 \u00fea\u00f0 stendur \u00ed flokki me\u00f0 Gerplu og Brekkukotsann\u00e1l, og innan \u00feeirra takmarka sem \u00fea\u00f0 setur s\u00e9r sj\u00e1lft er \u00fea\u00f0 l\u00fdtalaust listaverk.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> hefur fari\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0a en h\u00fan hefur alls komi\u00f0 \u00fat \u00e1 fj\u00f3rt\u00e1n tungum\u00e1lum \u00ed h\u00e1tt \u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a tug \u00fatg\u00e1fa. Ger\u00f0 var kvikmynd fyrir sj\u00f3nvarp upp \u00far s\u00f6gunni sem frums\u00fdnd var \u00e1 j\u00f3lum 1980. J\u00f3n Laxdal f\u00f3r \u00fear me\u00f0 hlutverk Steinars en leikstj\u00f3ri var Rolf H\u00e4drich. Kvikmyndat\u00f6kur f\u00f3ru fram \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og Bandar\u00edkjunum.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00deannig hefur saga Steinars b\u00f3nda undir Steinahl\u00ed\u00f0um lifna\u00f0 me\u00f0al lesenda v\u00ed\u00f0a um l\u00f6nd, enda saga mannsins, sem fann sannleikann en \u00fe\u00f3tti s\u00ed\u00f0ar meira um vert a\u00f0 reisa vi\u00f0 vallargar\u00f0 \u00ed t\u00faninu heima, einkar skemmtileg aflestrar. H\u00e9r s\u00fdnir Laxness meistaraleg t\u00f6k \u00e1 sk\u00e1lds\u00f6guforminu, \u00edsmeygilega gamansemi en um lei\u00f0 dj\u00fapa alv\u00f6ru. \u00dea\u00f0 er vi\u00f0 h\u00e6fi a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta sk\u00e1ldi\u00f0 hafa s\u00ed\u00f0asta or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum form\u00e1la en fyrrnefndri grein um tilur\u00f0 Parad\u00edsarheimtar<\/em> \u00ed Upphafi mann\u00fa\u00f0arstefnu<\/em> l\u00fdkur me\u00f0 \u00feessum or\u00f0um: \u201eS\u00fa er von m\u00edn a\u00f0 ekki morm\u00f3nar einir, heldur og a\u00f0rir lesendur sem hver a\u00f0 s\u00ednum h\u00e6tti eru \u00e1 lei\u00f0 til fyrirheitna landsins, e\u00f0a kynnu jafnvel a\u00f0 hafa fundi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, \u00feurfi eigi a\u00f0 fara \u00ed grafg\u00f6tur me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem fyrir m\u00e9r vakir.\u201c<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Form\u00e1li a\u00f0 \u00fatg\u00e1fu V\u00f6ku-Helgafells \u00e1 Parad\u00edsarheimt<\/em> \u00ed kilju \u00e1ri\u00f0 2002.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00deegar Halld\u00f3r Laxness var ungur drengur \u00ed sk\u00f3la rakst hann \u00e1 fer\u00f0as\u00f6gu b\u00f3nda nokkurs undan Eyjafj\u00f6llum sem h\u00e9t Eir\u00edkur \u00d3lafsson […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-formalar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=65"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":104035,"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65\/revisions\/104035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=65"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=65"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/skaldatimi.is\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=65"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}